Arthropod interactions with the Permian Glossopteris flora
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.11Keywords:
Gymnosperms, Insects, Gondwana, Functional feeding groups, Herbivory, PathogensAbstract
An extensive survey of literature on the Permian floras of Gondwana reveals over 500 discrete arthropod–herbivory– damage/plant–taxon/stratigraphic–unit associations spanning all regions of the supercontinent from the earliest Asselian to the latest Changhsingian. Margin– and apex–feeding damage is the most common style of herbivory but hole– and surface–feeding, galling, and oviposition damage are locally well represented. Evidence for skeletonization and mucivory is sparse and that for leaf mining is equivocal. Wood and root boring is recognized widely but only where depositional conditions were conducive to the permineralization of plant axes. Wood boring and detritivory may have been especially favoured arthropod feeding strategies in Permian high latitudes where living foliage was scarce during the polar winters. Herbivory damage is most strongly apparent on glossopterid remains; other groups of broad–leafed gymnosperms and sphenopsids host moderate levels of damage. Damage features are under–represented on lycophytes, ferns and spine– and scale–leafed conifers. A survey of insect body fossils from the Gondwanan Permian reveals that most records are from a small number of rich assemblages that are dominated by Blattodea, Hemiptera, Grylloblattida, Mecoptera and Protelytroptera, accompanied by significant representations of Coleoptera, Glosselytrodea, Miomoptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, Protorthoptera, Palaeodictyopteroida, Paoliida, Paraplecoptera, Plecoptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera and Trichoptera, which collectively adopted a broad range of feeding styles. Oribatid mites and collembolans appear to have been important components of the wood–boring and detritivorous communities. Although temporal trends in herbivory styles and diversity are difficult to resolve from mostly incidental observations and illustrations of plant damage across Gondwana, the results of this study provide a baseline of qualitative data for future studies that should adopt a quantitative approach to the analysis of herbivory, spanning the shift from icehouse to hothouse conditions through the Permian of the Southern Hemisphere.
सारांश
गोंडवाना के पर्मियन वनस्पतियों पर साहित्य के एक व्यापक सर्वेक्षण से 500 से अधिक असतत आर्थ्रोपोड- शाकाहारी-क्षत / वनस्पति-वर्गक / स्तरिक इकाई संगठन का पता चलता है जो प्रारम्भिक एसेलियन से लेकर नवीनतम चांगसिंगियन तक महाद्वीप के सभी क्षेत्रों में फैले हुए हैं। उपांत और शीर्ष-आहार क्षति शाकाहारी की सबसे आम शैली है, लेकिन छिद्र और सतह-आहार, पित्त और अंड निक्षेपण क्षति स्थानीय रूप से अच्छी तरह से दर्शाए गए हैं। कंकालीकरण और श्लेष्माभक्षी के लिए साक्ष्य विरल है और पत्ती खनन के लिए अस्पष्ट है। लकड़ी और जड़ भेदन को व्यापक रूप से मान्यता प्राप्त है, लेकिन केवल वहीं जहां निक्षेपणीय स्थिति पौधे के अक्षों के स्थायीकरण के लिए अनुकूल थी। पर्मियन उच्च अक्षांशों में लकड़ी के भेदन और अपरदाहारी विशेष रूप से आर्थ्रोपॉड आहार रणनीतियों के पक्षधर हो सकते हैं, जहां ध्रुवीय सर्दियों के दौरान जीवित पत्ते दुर्लभ थे। ग्लोसोप्टेरिड अवशेषों पर शाकाहारी क्षति सबसे स्पष्ट रूप से निश्चित है; चौड़ी पत्ती वाले जिम्नोस्पर्म और स्फेनोपसिड्स के अन्य समूह क्षति के मध्यम स्तर की मेजबानी करते हैं। नुकसान की विशेषताएं लाइकोफाइट्स, फ़र्न और कंटक- और शल्क- त्याज्य कोनिफ़र पर कम प्रतिनिधित्व करती हैं। गोंडवानन पर्मियन से कीट शरीर के जीवाश्मों के एक सर्वेक्षण से पता चलता है कि अधिकांश अभिलेख छोटी संख्या में समृद्ध संयोजनों से हैं जो ब्लैटोडिया, हेमिप्टेरा, ग्रिलोब्लाटिडा, मेकोप्टेरा और प्रोटेलीट्रोप्टेरा के प्रभुत्व वाले हैं, साथ में कोलिओप्टेरा, ग्लोसीलीट्रोडिया, मिओमोप्टेरा, न्यूरोप्टेरा, ओडोनाटा के महत्वपूर्ण प्रतिनिधित्व हैं। प्रोटोथोप्टेरा, पैलियोडिक्ट्योप्टेरोएडा, पाओलिडा, पैराप्लेकोप्टेरा, प्लेकोप्टेरा, सोकोप्टेरा, थिसानोप्टेरा और ट्राइकोप्टेरा, जिन्होंने सामूहिक रूप से आहार शैलियों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला को अपनाया। ओरिबेटिड माइट्स और कोलेम्बोलन लकड़ी और अपरदाहारी समुदायों के महत्वपूर्ण घटक प्रतीत होते हैं। यद्यपि शाकाहारी शैलियों और विविधता में स्थानिक प्रवृत्ति गोंडवाना में पौधों की क्षति के अधिकतर आकस्मिक अवलोकनों और चित्रों से हल करना मुश्किल है, इस अध्ययन के परिणाम भविष्य के अध्ययनों के लिए गुणात्मक आँकड़ों की आधार रेखा प्रदान करते हैं जो शाकाहार के विश्लेषण के लिए एक मात्रात्मक दृष्टिकोण अपनाना चाहिए, दक्षिणी गोलार्ध के पर्मियन के माध्यम से आइसहाउस से हॉटहाउस स्थितियों में बदलाव को फैलाना।
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