The fossil flora of the Dead Sea region, Jordan – A late Permian Garden of Delights
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.12Keywords:
Late Permian, Mixed Flora, Dead Sea Region, Jordan, Methuselah Taxa, Lazarus TaxaAbstract
The Umm Irna Formation, Jordan, holds one of the most peculiar late Permian plant–fossil assemblages worldwide. Over the last decades of field work, several localities close to the eastern shore of the Dead Sea have yielded a highly diverse ‘mixed flora’ of mesic to xeric environments encompassing elements that are typical either for different floral realms or for different time periods of Earth History. Taxa typical for particular floral realms include, e.g. Cathaysian gigantopterids and Lobatannularia, Euramerican conifers such as Otovicia hypnoides, or the characteristic Gondwanan seed ferns Glossopteris and Dicroidium. Moreover, most taxa are typical for the Permian, some assemblages have also yielded precocious occurrences of taxa that have so far been considered typical for the Mesozoic, such as Umkomasiaceae, Bennettitales, and podocarp conifers. In most cases, fossils from the Umm Irna Formation show well–preserved cuticles that allow sound systematic placement and contribute to the reconstruction of dispersed plant parts into whole–plant–taxa. Altogether, the Umm Irna Formation provides an exceptional window into depositional environments and vegetation types that are rarely preserved in the fossil record but that are crucial for our understanding of plant evolution.
सारांश
जॉर्डन के उम्म इरना शैलसमूह दुनिया में सबसे असाधारण अंतिम पर्मियन पादपाश्म समुच्चयों में से एक है। पिछले दशकों के क्षेत्रीय कार्य के दौरान, डेड सी के पूर्वी किनारे के निकट कई बस्तियों में आर्द्र से शुष्क वातावरण के एक अत्यधिक विविध 'मिश्रित वनस्पतियों' का उत्पादन हुआ है, जिसमें ऐसे तत्व शामिल हैं जो या तो विभिन्न पुष्प क्षेत्रों के लिए या पृथ्वी के इतिहास की विभिन्न समय अवधि के लिए विशिष्ट हैं। विशिष्ट पुष्प क्षेत्रों के लिए विशिष्ट वर्गक में शामिल हैं, उदाहरणतः कैथेसियन गिगेंटोप्टेरिड्स और लोबैटनुलेरिया, यूरामेरिकन कोनिफ़र जैसे ओटोविशिया हिप्नोइड्स, या विशिष्ट गोंडवानन बीज-फ़र्न ग्लोसोप्टेरिस और डाइक्रोइडियम । इसके अतिरिक्त, अधिकांश वर्गक पर्मियन के लिए विशिष्ट हैं, कुछ समुच्च्य ने भी वर्गक की असामयिक घटनाएं उत्पन्न की हैं जिन्हें अब तक मीसोज़ोइक के लिए विशिष्ट माना जाता है, जैसे कि उमकोमेसीएसी, बेनेटिटेल्स और पोडोकार्प कोनिफ़र। अधिकतर मामलों में, उम्म इरना शैलसमूह के जीवाश्म अच्छी तरह से संरक्षित उपत्वचा दिखाते हैं जो ध्वनि व्यवस्थित स्थानन की अनुमति देते हैं और फैले हुए पौधे के हिस्सों को पूर्ण पौधे के पुनर्निर्माण में योगदान देते हैं। कुल मिलाकर, उम्म इरना शैलसमूह निक्षेपणीय पर्यावरण और वनस्पति प्रकारों में एक असाधारण झरोखा प्रदान करता है जो शायद ही कभी जीवाश्म अभिलेखों में संरक्षित होते हैं लेकिन पौधे के विकास की हमारी समझ के लिए महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
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