Palaeozoic and Mesozoic palaeo–wildfires: An overview on advances in the 21st Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.13Keywords:
Palaeo–wildfire, Charcoal, Pyrogenic Inertinites, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, CretaceousAbstract
Fire is a major driver for the evolution of biodiversity throughout the Phanerozoic and occurs in continental palaeoenvironments since the advent of the first land plants in the Silurian. The detection of palaeo–wildfire events can be based on different proxies, and charcoal is widely accepted as the most reliable evidence for such events in sedimentary layers. Although the identification of sedimentary charcoal as the product of incomplete combustion was the subject of controversial scientific discussions, palaeobotanical data can be used to confirm the pyrogenic origin of such material. In an overview on Palaeozoic and Mesozoic charcoal remains, differences in the number of published records can be detected for individual periods; including phases with both, lower (Silurian, Triassic, Jurassic) and higher (Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous) numbers of published evidences for palaeo–wildfires. With the aim to discuss selected advances in palaeo–wildfire studies since the beginning of the 21st Century, we present an overview on the published occurrences of charcoal for an interval from the Silurian up to the Cretaceous. It was possible to confirm that a lack of detailed palaeobotanical data on the subject is detected in some intervals and regions, despite the high potential of occurrences detected in form of pyrogenic inertinites by coal petrographic studies. Although such temporal and regional gaps can be explained by taphonomic and palaeoenvironmental biases, it also indicates the scientific potential of future studies in diverse palaeogeographical and temporal settings.
सारांश
फ़ैनेरोज़ोइक में जैव विविधता के विकास के लिए आग एक प्रमुख कारक है और सिल्यूरियन में प्रथम भूमि पौधों के आगमन के बाद से महाद्वीपीय पुरापर्यावरण में होता है। पुरा-जंगल की आग की घटनाओं का पता लगाने के विभिन्न प्रॉक्सियों पर आधारित अध्ययन हो सकते हैं, और लकड़ी का कोयला व्यापक रूप से तलछटी परतों में ऐसी घटनाओं के लिए सबसे विश्वसनीय साक्ष्य के रूप में स्वीकार किया जाता है। हालांकि अधूरे दहन के उत्पाद के रूप में तलछटी चारकोल की पहचान विवादास्पद वैज्ञानिक चर्चाओं का विषय थी, लेकिन ऐसी सामग्री की पाइरोजेनिक उत्पत्ति की पुष्टि के लिए पुरावनस्पति संबंधी डेटा का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। पैलियोज़ोइक और मीसोज़ोइक चारकोल अवशेषों पर एक अवलोकन में, विभिन्न प्रकाशित अभिलेखों की संख्या में अंतर का व्यक्तिगत अवधियों हेतु पता लगाया जा सकता है; पुरा-जंगल की आग हेतु विभिन्न प्रकाशित साक्ष्यों के निचले (सिलुरियन, ट्रायसिक, जुरासिक) और उच्चतर (डेवोनियन, कार्बोनिफेरस, पर्मियन, क्रिटेशियस) दोनों चरणों में शामिल हैं। 21वीं सदी के प्रारंभ से पुरा-जंगल की आग के अध्ययन में चयनित प्रगति पर चर्चा करने के उद्देश्य से, हम सिल्यूरियन से क्रिटेशियस तक एक अंतराल के लिए चारकोल की प्रकाशित घटनाओं पर एक अवलोकन प्रस्तुत करते हैं। यह पुष्टि करना संभव था कि कोयले के पेट्रोग्राफिक अध्ययनों द्वारा पाइरोजेनिक इनर्टीनाइटस के रूप में पाई जाने वाली घटनाओं की उच्च संभावना के बावजूद, कुछ अंतरालों और क्षेत्रों में इस विषय पर विस्तृत पुरावनस्पतिक डेटा की कमी का पता चला है। यद्यपि इस तरह के लौकिक और क्षेत्रीय अंतरालों को टैफोनोमिक और पुरापाषाणकालीन पूर्वाग्रहों द्वारा समझाया जा सकता है, यह विविध पुराभौगोलिक और लौकिक सेटिंग्स में भविष्य के अध्ययन की वैज्ञानिक क्षमता को भी इंगित करता है।
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