Cretaceous mammals of India–Stratigraphic distribution, diversity and intercontinental affinities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.14Keywords:
Mammals, Eutherians, Gondwanatherians, Haramiyidans, Cretaceous, Laurasia, GondwanaAbstract
Extensive research carried out on the Cretaceous deposits of Laurasia has revealed an overwhelming presence of eutherian, metatherian and multituberculate groups of mammals in the Cretaceous ecosystems of Northern Hemisphere continents. In contrast, the relatively poorly documented fossil record of Cretaceous mammals from Gondwanan continents is represented by gondwanatherians, dryolestoids, and a few multituberculates and haramiyidans. Until now, no undoubted eutherian mammals have been reported from the Cretaceous strata of the southern continents except for India. In this context, Indian Cretaceous mammals assume great significance for understanding the origin and evolution of these mammals in Gondwana. Currently, the Cretaceous mammals of India include three groups, viz., eutherians, gondwanatherians, and haramiyidans. These three mammalian groups were recovered primarily from the Upper Cretaceous Deccan infra–and inter–trappean beds of peninsular India exposed near Bacharam, Naskal and Rangapur (Telengana), Upparhatti (Karnataka) and Kisalpuri (Madhya Pradesh) villages. Eutheria is by far the most diverse clade comprising three named genera (Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Kharmerungulatum) and one unnamed taxon (Eutheria incertae sedis). The gondwanatherians are known by Bharattherium bonapartei and Sudamericidae gen. et sp. indet. The third mammalian group, a possible haramiyidan, is represented by a solitary species Avashishta bacharamensis. Overall, the Cretaceous mammal fauna of India presents a complex biogeographic history with eutherians of Laurasian affinity, pan–Gondwanan gondwanatherians and a possible late surviving haramiyidan. Numerically abundant and speciose Deccanolestes, identified as an adapisoriculid, has been interpreted to have had originated in northward drifting Indian Plate in the Late Cretaceous and dispersed out of India into Africa and Europe over island arc systems (Oman–Kohistan–Dras) and the Ladakh magmatic arc at or near the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. A similar dispersal mode has also been visualized for Kharmerungulatum and Eutheria incertae sedis of Laurasian affinities. The close similarity of dental morphology between Madagascan and Indian gondwanatherians attests to the fact that these taxa derived from a common endemic Gondwanan stock had evolved in isolation following the separation of Indo–Madagascar from other Gondwanan continents. Avashishta represents a late Gondwana survivor of a group that had a Pangaean distribution until the Early Cretaceous.
सारांश
लॉरेशिया के क्रिटेशियस निक्षेप पर किए गए व्यापक शोध से उत्तरी गोलार्ध महाद्वीपों के क्रिटेशियस पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र में यूथेरियन, मेटथेरियन और मल्टीट्यूबरक्यूलेट स्तनधारियों के समूहों की भारी उपस्थिति का पता चला है। इसके विपरीत, गोंडवाना महाद्वीपों से क्रिटेशियस स्तनधारियों के अपेक्षाकृत अपर्याप्त प्रलेखित जीवाश्म रिकॉर्ड का गोंडवानाथेरियन, ड्रायोलेस्टोइड्स और कुछ मल्टीट्यूबरक्यूलेट्स और हरामियिडन्स द्वारा प्रतिनिधित्व किया जाता है। अब तक, निस्संदेह किसी भी यूथेरियंस स्तनधारियों को भारत के अलावा दक्षिणी महाद्वीपों के क्रिटेशियस स्तर से अभिलेखित नहीं किया गया है। इस संदर्भ में, भारतीय क्रिटेशियस स्तनधारियों के गोंडवाना में इन स्तनधारियों की उत्पत्ति और विकास को समझने के लिए बहुत महत्व माना जाता है। वर्तमान में, भारत के क्रिटेशियस स्तनधारियों में तीन समूह शामिल हैं, जैसे, यूथेरियंस, गोंडवानाथेरियंस और हरामियिडंस । ये तीन स्तनधारी समूह बचाराम,नस्कल और रंगापुर (तेलंगाना),उपरहट्टी (कर्नाटक) और किसलपुरी (मध्य प्रदेश) गांवों के निकट से अनावरित प्रायद्वीपीय भारत के ऊपरी क्रिटेशियस डेक्कन इन्फ्रा-और इंटर-ट्रैपियन बेड से मुख्य रूप से प्राप्त किए गए थे। यूथेरिया अब तक का सबसे विविध क्लैड है जिसमें तीन नामित वंश (डेकानोलेस्टीज़, साहनीथेरियम, खारमेरुंगुलेटम) और एक अनाम वर्गक (यूथेरिया इन्सर्टी सेडिस) शामिल हैं। गोंडवानाथेरियंस भारतथेरियम बोनापार्टेई और सुदामेरिडाई अनिश्चित वंश एवं प्रजाति द्वारा जाने जाते हैं। । तीसरा स्तनधारी समूह, एक संभावित हरामियिडन, एक एकान्त प्रजाति अवशिष्ट बचारामेंसिस द्वारा दर्शाया गया है। समग्र रूप से भारत का क्रिटेशियस स्तनपायी जीव लॉरेशियन समानता के यूथेरियंस,पैन-गोंडवाना गोंडवानाथेरियंस के साथ एक जटिल जैवभौगोलिक इतिहास प्रस्तुत करता है और एक संभावित अन्तिम जीवित हरामियिडन हैं। संख्यात्मक रूप से प्रचुर और विशिष्ट डेक्कनोलेस्टीज जिसकी पहचान एडैपिसोरिकुलिड के रूप में की गई है, ऐसा माना जाता है कि इसकी उत्पत्ति अंतिम क्रिटेशियस में भारतीय प्लेट के उत्तर की ओर जाने से हुई थी और इसका फैलाव भारत से बाहर अफ्रीका और यूरोप मे, द्वीप आर्क प्रणाली (ओमान-कोहिस्तान-द्रास) एवं लद्दाख मैग्मैटिक आर्क में क्रिटेशियस-पैलियोजीन सीमा या उसके आस-पास हुआ था। इसी तरह के डिस्पर्सल मोड को खारमेरुंगुलटम और लॉरेशियन समानता के यूथेरिया इन्सर्टी सेडिस के लिए भी कल्पना की गई है। मेडागास्कन और भारतीय गोंडवानाथेरियंस के मध्य दंत आकृति विज्ञान की नजदीकी समानता इस तथ्य की पुष्टि करती है कि एक समान स्थानिक गोंडवानास्टॉक से प्राप्त ये वर्गक अन्य गोंडवानन महाद्वीपों से भारत-मेडागास्कर के अलग होने के बाद एकान्त में विकसित हुए थे। अवशिष्ट एक ऐसे समूह के अंतिम गोंडवाना उत्तरजीवी का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है जिसका प्रारंभिक क्रिटेशियस तक पैन्जियन वितरण था।
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