Dinosaur fossil records from India and their palaeobiogeographic implications: an overview

Authors

  • Ashu Khosla Department of Geology, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160 014, India
  • Sunil Bajpai Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.15

Keywords:

Triassic, Jurassic, Cenomanian–Turonian, Cretaceous, Dinosaurs, India, Palaeobiogeography

Abstract

The complex palaeogeographic history of India involving a gradual transition from Gondwana to Laurasia with an intervening phase of prolonged physical isolation, and the biotic signatures of this complex history as preserved in India’s Mesozoic fossil record are of much current interest and continue to be debated. Seen in this context, the fossil record of dinosaurs from India provides a unique opportunity to study their diversity and palaeobiogeographic distribution in time and space. The Indian fossil record, as currently documented, is patchy and restricted mainly to three intervals of the Mesozoic era: Late Triassic, Early/Middle Jurassic and Late Cretaceous. The Late Triassic–Jurassic record, representing a Pangean setting, is known primarily from the Gondwana formations of Pranhita–Godavari (P–G) Valley in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, although sporadic Jurassic occurrences are also known from Kutch (Gujarat) and Rajasthan. The earliest Late Triassic dinosaur fauna of India comes from the rhynchosaur–dominated Lower Maleri Formation of Carnian age. Known from fragmentary and isolated specimens, the Late Triassic dinosaur fauna is currently represented by the sole species Alwalkeria maleriensis, which is possibly a basal saurischian with uncertain relationships. A slightly younger dinosaur fauna from the archosaur–dominated Upper Maleri Formation of late Norian–earliest Rhaetian age consists of a more diverse assemblage including the two named basal sauropodomorphs (Nambalia roychowdhurii and Jaklapallisaurus asymmetrica). In contrast to the Late Triassic, the Early Jurassic record of Indian dinosaurs described from the Upper Dharmaram and Lower Kota formations of P–G Valley, is far more abundant, diverse and based on more nearly complete material that is currently referred to four named taxa of stem sauropodomorphs or basal sauropods (Lamplughsaura dharmaramensis, Pradhania gracilis, Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis, Barapasaurus tagorei) plus an ornithischian (Ankylosauria). Kotasaurus, one of the earliest known sauropods, is more primitive than Barapasaurus and shared numerous plesiomorphic characteristics with prosauropods. Together, the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sauropods dinosaurs of India document the early radiation of this group. Amongst the other important records of Jurassic dinosaurs in India is the oldest known camarasauromorph sauropod whose identification is based on a metacarpal, a first pedal paw and a fibula from the Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) strata of Khadir Island, Kutch. Fragmentary postcranial skeletal material of an unidentified Middle Jurassic dinosaurs is also known from Kuar Bet (Patcham Island) in the Rann of Kutch and the Jumara area of Kutch Mainland.

Post–Gondwana, the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of India occur in a different geodynamic setting in which the Indian Plate, as traditionally considered, was a northward drifting island continent in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Apart from the solitary record of a Cenomanian–Turonian sauropod from Nimar Sandstone, Cretaceous dinosaurs from India are documented mainly by skeletal remains and eggs/eggshells from the Maastrichtian infratrappean (=Lameta Formation) and intertrappean deposits in the Deccan Volcanic Province of eastern, western and central peninsular India, and from broadly coeval Kallamedu Formation of Cauvery Basin, southern India. Skeletal remains of the Lameta dinosaurs belong to two major groups, titanosaur sauropods and abelisaurid theropods, plus a possible ankylosaur, whereas the Cauvery records include fragmentary titanosaur bones and a solitary tooth of a troodontid theropod. Apart from bones and teeth, a number of dinosaur egg–bearing nesting sites are also known to occur in the Lameta Formation of east–central and western India, extending for more than 1,000 km across the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Close phylogenetic relations of the Lameta titanosaurs and theropods with corresponding taxa from the Maastrichtian of Madagascar (Vahiny, Majungasaurus) and the rare occurrence of Laurasian elements such as a troodontid, pose interesting palaeobiogeographic problems in the context of India’s supposed oceanic isolation, especially after its separation from Madagascar at ~ 88 Ma.

सारांश

लंबे समय तक भौतिक अलगाव का एक मध्यवर्ती  चरण के साथ गोंडवाना से लॉरेशिया तक क्रमिक परिवर्तन से भारत का जटिल पुराभौगोलिक इतिहास जुड़ा हुआ है, और भारत के मीसोज़ोइक जीवाश्म अभिलेख में संरक्षित इस जटिल इतिहास के जैविक हस्ताक्षर बहुत अधिक वर्तमान रुचि के हैं जिस पर बहस जारी है। इस संदर्भ में देखा जाए तो भारत के डायनासॉरों का जीवाश्म अभिलेख समय और स्थान में उनकी विविधता और पुराजैवभौगोलिक वितरण का अध्ययन करने का एक अनूठा अवसर प्रदान करता है। भारतीय जीवाश्म अभिलेख, जैसा कि वर्तमान में प्रलेखित है, मीसोज़ोइक युग के मुख्य रूप से तीन अंतरालों तक सीमित और प्रतिबंधित है: अंतिम ट्रायसिक, प्रारभिक/  मध्य जुरासिक औरअंतिम क्रिटेशियस। पेंजियन सेटिंग का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाला अंतिम ट्रायसिक-जुरासिक अभिलेख, प्राथमिक रूप से आंध्र प्रदेश के दक्षिणी भारतीय राज्य में प्राणहिता-गोदावरी (पी जी)  घाटी के गोंडवाना शैलसमूहों से जाना जाता है, हालांकि  कहीं-कहीं जुरासिक घटनाओं को कच्छ (गुजरात) और राजस्थान से भी जाना जाता है। भारत का प्रारंभिकतम अंतिम ट्रायसिक डायनोसॉर जीव रिंकोसॉर-प्रभावी कार्नियन युग के निम्न मालेरी शैलसमूह से आता है। विखंडित और अलग-थलग नमूनों से जाना जाने वाला, अंतिम ट्रायसिक डायनासॉर जीव वर्तमान में एकमात्र प्रजाति अलवालकेरिया मालेरिएन्सिस  द्वारा  निरूपित है, जो संभवतः अनिश्चित संबंधों के साथ एक आधारीय सॉरीशियन है।  अंतिम नॉरियन- प्रारंभिक रीटीयन युग के आर्कोसॉर-प्रभुत्व वाले ऊपरी मालेरी शैलसमूह से थोड़ा छोटा डायनासॉर जीवों में दो नामित आधारीय सॉरोपोडोमॉर्फ्स (नंबेलिया रॉयचौधरी और जक्लापल्लीसॉरस एसिमेट्रिका) सहित अधिक विविध  समुच्चय शामिल हैं। अंतिम ट्रायसिक के विपरीत, पी-जी घाटी के ऊपरी धर्माराम और निचली कोटा शैलसमूहों से वर्णित भारतीय डायनासोरों का प्रारंभिक जुरासिक अभिलेख कहीं अधिक प्रचुर मात्रा में, विविध और अधिक लगभग पूर्ण सामग्री पर आधारित है जिसे वर्तमान में चार नामित  वर्गक के रूप में संदर्भित किया जाता है: स्टेम सॉरोपोडोमॉर्फ्स या आधारीय सॉरोपोड्स (लैम्प्लगसौरा धर्मारामेंसिस, प्रधानिया ग्रैसिलिस, कोटासॉरस यमनपल्लीएन्सिस, बारापासॉरस टैगोरी) इसके साथ एक ऑर्निथिशियन (एंकीलोसॉरिया)। कोटासॉरस, सबसे पहले ज्ञात सॉरोपोड्स में से एक, बारापासॉरस की तुलना में अधिक प्राचीन है और प्रोसोरोपोड्स के साथ कई प्लेजीओमॉर्फिक विशेषताओं को साझा करता है। साथ में, भारत के अंतिम ट्रायसिक और प्रारम्भिक जुरासिक सॉरोपोड्स डायनासॉर इस समूह के प्रारंभिक विकिरण का दस्तावेजीकरण करते हैं। भारत में जुरासिक डायनासॉर के अन्य महत्वपूर्ण अभिलेखों में सबसे पुराना ज्ञात कामरासौरोमोर्फ सॉरोपोड है, जिसकी पहचान कच्छ के खादिर द्वीप के मध्य जुरासिक  (बजोसियन)  स्तर से एक मेटाकार्पल, प्रथम पेडल पंजा और एक बहिर्जंघिका पर आधारित है। एक अज्ञात मध्य जुरासिक डायनासॉर के खंडित पोस्टक्रैनियल कंकाल सामग्री को रन ऑफ कच्छ  और कच्छ मुख्यभूमि के झुमारा क्षेत्र में कुआर बेट  (पटचम द्वीप)  से भी जाना जाता है।

पश्च गोंडवाना, भारत के अंतिम क्रिटेशियस डायनासॉर एक अलग भूगतिकीय सेटिंग में पाए जाते हैं जिसमें भारतीय प्लेट, जैसा कि पारंपरिक रूप से माना जाता है, हिंद महासागर के मध्य में एक उत्तर की ओर बहने वाला द्वीप महाद्वीप था। निमाड़ बलुआ पत्थर से एक सीनोमेनियन-ट्यूरोनियन सैरोपॉड के  एकमात्र अभिलेख के अलावा, भारत के क्रिटेशियस डायनासॉर मुख्य रूप से मास्ट्रिशियन इन्फ्राट्रैपियन  (= लामेटा शैलसमूह) से कंकाल अवशेषों और अंडे / अंडे के छिलकों और पूर्वी, पश्चिमी और मध्य प्रायद्वीपीय भारत के डेक्कन ज्वालामुखी प्रांत में इंटरट्रैपियन  निक्षेपों, और  दक्षिणी भारत के कावेरी बेसिन, के कल्मेदु शैलसमूह  विस्तृत रूप से समकालीन  प्रलेखित है । लेमेटा डायनासॉर के कंकाल अवशेषों दो प्रमुख समूहों-  टाईटेनोसॉर सॉरोपोड्स और एबेलिसॉरिड थेरोपोड्स के साथ-साथ एक संभावित एंकिलोसॉर से संबंधित हैं, जबकि कावेरी के  अभिलेख में खंडित टाइटेनोसॉर की हड्डियां और ट्रोडोन्टिड थेरोपोड का एकमात्र दांत शामिल है। हड्डियों और दांतों के अलावा, मध्य प्रदेश, गुजरात और महाराष्ट्र राज्यों में 1,000 किमी से अधिक तक फैले पूर्व-मध्य और पश्चिमी भारत के लेमेटा शैलसमूह में कई डायनासॉर के अंडे देने वाले घोंसले के स्थल भी पाए जाते हैं। मेडागास्कर के मास्ट्रिक्शियन (वाहिनी, माजुंगासौरस)   से संबंधित टैक्सा के साथ लैमेटा टाइटेनोसॉर और थेरोपोड के  नजदीकी फाइलोजेनेटिक संबंध और ट्रोडोन्टिड जैसे लॉरेशियन तत्वों की दुर्लभ उपस्थिति, भारत के कथित समुद्री अलगाव के संदर्भ में दिलचस्प पुराजैवभौगोलिक समस्याएं पैदा करती हैं, विशेष रूप से इसके बाद ~ 88 मिलियन वर्ष  पर मेडागास्कर से अलग होना।

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2021-09-10

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Khosla, A., & Bajpai, S. (2021). Dinosaur fossil records from India and their palaeobiogeographic implications: an overview. Journal of Palaeosciences, 70((1-2), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.54991/jop.2021.15